T. S. Eliots Critique of Henry James Washington Square :: Henry James Washington Square

T. S. Eliot's Critique of Henry James' Washington Square In the article "A Prediction," by T. S. Eliot, Henry James is both criticized and praised as a writer: "His technique has received the kind of praise usually accorded to some useless, ugly and ingenious piece of carving which has taken a very long time to make; and he is widely reproached for not succeeding in doing the things that he did not attempt to do" (55). Eliot seems to feel that James has not been properly criticized, and in fact that some criticisms are contradictory and inconsistent. Perhaps critics of James have expressed themselves in these manners because James's writing is hard to identify with because it is not real. In Washington Square, there are several components that cause the novel to come across as unrealistic. The most prominent appears to be the characters and how they are presented and interact with each other throughout the novel. The personality of each character is very hard to pinpoint. As I read through the novel, I could not figure out exactly what Doctor Sloper's motives were. Did he really dislike Morris Townsend or was he just trying to keep his daughter from marrying anyone at all? The Doctor's reasons seem sufficient enough, "If Morris Townsend has spent his own fortune in amusing himself, there is every reason to believe that he would spend yours" (71). However, the Doctor's motives also seem curious. He waited to tell Catherine that he disliked Morris until after he had asked her to marry him, when all along the Doctor disliked Morris. In fact, it was hard to ignore the doctors snide comments about Morris that appeared consistently throughout the book. For example, at the traditional Sunday evening at Mrs. Almond's, the Doctor comments, "'He is amazingly conceited!'" (57). The Doctor comments without having really talked with Morris. He has made up his mind about Morris before he really even meets him Regardless of James's failure to present real characters who have believable social settings, work for a living, and express emotions and opinions about the trials and tribulations that they encounter, Eliot argues that, "had James been a better hand at character, he would have missed the sensibility to the peculiar class of data which were his province" (55).

History 1302

The mind set of Americans during the decade prior to the Spanish American war, the influence of the Americans during the war. Expansionism and imperialism and the causes of the war and what did the Americans gain and lose. The Americans had a long history of imperialism from the expulsion of the native Americans, the Mexican American war, the Spanish American war, the control of cuba and the Philippine, the annexation of Hawaii and Samoa and also the occupation of much of latin America between 1890 and 1930.Their tendencies were outgrowth of ethnocentrism which was the belief in manifest destiny. Expansionism was the control of another country’s market or political system through the use of trase and diplomacy and imperialism was the control of another country’s market or political system through the use or threat of use of force. The causes of the American Spanish war, united states had little interest in economic cuba and the south had yet to regain its stature.The Cu ban rebels began to attack Americans owned properties, McKinley sent the battleship maine to Havana to protect the American interests, the battleship blew up due to coal dust or the magazine too close to the boiler room, Theodore Roosevelt also wanted war, he dispatched dewey to the Philippines with out the knowledge of the secretary of navy or the president of united states. America was in the mood for war to demonstrate its strength, and what better nation to go to war with, manifest destiny, racism and imperialism were also cause to the war.The United States gained almost all of Spain's colonies, including the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico. Cuba was granted independence, but the United States imposed various restrictions on the new government, including prohibiting alliances with other countries, and reserved for itself the right of intervention. Cuba remained technically independent but was required to submit its foreign policy to American approval. By gaining these territo ries it helped America gain some more resources.3.The conditions and causes of the progressive era, how it affected people, where did the reforms begin and why, who were the three of the most famous national leader. The causes were the deplorable state of america’s cities including the boss system with it’s corruption, graft and the resulting high taxes which fell on the middle class. Uncontrolled monopolies which ran roughshod over small business and the interest of the people. The corrupt relationship between big business and state and federal government’s elected officials. Lack of any control of the negative impacts on the public of the rampant abuse of the public trust by big business. And then the abuse of children and women in the work places.5. General reasons for the war in Europe and specific causes and the reasons for the U. S entry into the war. The general causes of the great war, imperialism each major European nation had its colonies in Africa and asia and each saw its colonies as a measure of its own national prowess and also colonies meant sources of raw materials and markets for finished goods for each country. Nationalism was such an ingrained part of the culture and different nationalities in Europe that it is had to separate it from what it means to be british, French, german, or Russia.Its also played apivot role for the Serbians who assassinated the arch duke of Austria hungary, played a role second to pride and marital fealty which bought the arch duke to Sarajevo on that fateful day and also bought America into war. Militarism could not separate from a country’s nationalism in 1914, it was the struggle for the military to make sure that their country would not loose territory if attacked that led to the war that could have been prevented, it also helped the deformed Kaiser Wilhelm to compensate for his short stature.Disintegration of the ottoman empire, vacuum caused by the dissolution of the ottoman empire caused the other nations to lust for those territories and it also liberated yearnings of nationhood and ethnic pride and revenge. Secret and entangling alliances were developed in order to maintain an equilibrium while other nations were trying to upset that equilibrium and gain a power advantage over their rivals were a material cause for the war.War was viewed as an extension of diplomacy and relatively risk free way to gain territory and advantage over a rival, the memory of the diplomats was short, it did not take into account the suffering caused by the Napoleonic wars. Continuing rivalry between france and germany following the franco-russian war. The lack of meaningful communication and understanding internally between the military and diplomatic wings of the various European countries.The U.S entry into the war, Wilson called on his fellow citizens in 1914 to remain which was impossible for a nation of immigrants from all of the countries in the war. Economic realities also made imposible the task of dealing with the belligerents on equal terms, the british put a blockade on german and the germans were using the new submarine warfare to challenge british domination on the atlantic. Wilson demanded that german promise not to repeat such outrage and the germans agreed to his demands. He also demanded that german abandon its unlawful tactics and the german government.

Diversity, Assumption And Ethnocentrism - 1459 Words

Diversity is increasingly seen throughout the world and in specific Canada. I intend to focus on what diversity, assumption and ethnocentrism are and how in the nursing profession, it is important to be aware of these and the ways in which they all can hinder our nursing care. I will also focus on how we may need to find ways to accommodate diversities while providing care for clients, ways that assumption may hinder our nursing care or how some ethnocentric values may negatively influence our nursing care. Diversity According to Oregon State Universities Steering Committee, diversity is the concept that encompasses acceptance and respect. It means understanding that each individual is unique, and recognizing our individual differences. This can include dimensions of race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, socio-economic status, age, religious beliefs, or other ideologies. It is the exploration of these differences in a safe, positive, and nurturing environment. It is about understanding each other and moving beyond simple tolerance to embracing and celebrating the rich dimensions of diversity contained within each individual. (â€Å"Definition of Diversity†, n.d., 1999.). Being aware of all of these aspects of diversity while caring for clients is important, especially in our ever changing population. Diversity also means variety and the benefits of having diversity include increased productivity, cultural awareness, less stereotyping and segregation, decreasedShow MoreRelatedThe Differences Between Diversity, Assumptions And Ethnocentrism So You Can Gain Understanding, Acceptance And Respect1529 Words   |  7 Pagesdeal with the diversity. All of our patients are different and will need different care. Accommodating diversity will be easier with knowledge and experience and will make a difference in how we provide that care. If nurses can work together, we can make a difference in the health care system by not making assumptions, learning about our diverse patients and keeping our ethnocentrism in check. In this paper I will discuss the differences between diversity, assumptions and ethnocentrism so you can gainRead MoreEthnocentrism And Its Effect On Society1277 Words   |  6 Pages What is ethnocentrism, and in today’s world is ethnocentrism still in existence; if so why. So, what is ethnocentrism, it’s simply making judgment as to one’s race or culture as to their beliefs, values, and customs to which they believe in; or what constitutes their lifestyles. In other words, believing that own race is superior over their own and thinking their better than anyone else; or above the rest (as to race); while judging their existence as to how we portray them. However, this beliefRead MoreMusic Integration : Balance Between Western Music Culture And Other Music Cultures Essay1496 Words   |  6 Pagesown ways to measure. The culture also includes music culture. Michael B. Bakan states in his book that the term music is inescapably tied to Western culture and its assumptions. He also gives three possible solutions to westerners’ ethnocentrism that they want to impose their own culturally grounded perspective, biases and assumptions on pra ctices and lifeways that are different from their own. The first solution is avoiding solving the problem, the second solution is converting other music into westernRead More Problems In Intercultural Communication Essay1542 Words   |  7 Pagesculture has its distinct aspects, intercultural communication can be the cause of conflict and disorder. There are three main issues which are at the root of the problem of intercultural miscommunication : language as a barrier, cultural diversity and ethnocentrism. I will analyze these three notions in situations in which intercultural communication is frequent such as : the workplace, the classroom and vacation trips. The way people communicate varies widely between, and even within, culturesRead MoreEssay about Intercultural Communication Barriers1559 Words   |  7 Pagesculture has its distinct aspects, intercultural communication can be the cause of conflict and disorder. There are three main issues which are at the root of the problem of intercultural miscommunication : language as a barrier, cultural diversity and ethnocentrism. I will analyze these three notions in situations in which intercultural communication is frequent such as : the workplace, the classroom and vacation trips. The way people communicate varies widely between, and even withinRead MoreIs Ethnocentrism The Basic Principle When Engaged Within A Culture Diverse Practice?971 Words   |  4 Pagesbelieve that avoiding ethnocentrism is the basic principle when engaged in a culture diverse practice. While social worker engage in an effective practice, they also have potential to do harm(Chenoweth and Maculiffe 2015,P58). Because social work practice involves many ethical responds and a poor respond will trigger threats,risks and perils that threaten both the practice and clients. In the realm of cultural diversity oriented practice, it is quite evidential that ethnocentrism could lead to a poorRead MoreRacial Prejudice : What Causes It?1566 Words   |  7 Pagesspace for everyone. Religious accommodations is a two tier process. Firstly, by accommodating others differences and being tolerant of their needs society is giving its approval of those differences. Taking away negative stereotypes and reinforcing diversity. Secondly, through religious accommodations society is being exposed to others differences in a positive light demystifying the differences and building acceptance through exposure. The fact that their are so many different religious groups and beliefsRead MoreEthnocentrism: Major Effect on Organizational Behavior3918 Words   |  16 PagesEthnocentrism: Major Effects on Organizational Behavior Abstract This research paper defines the term ethnocentrism as a means to make assumptions or judgments about other cultures from one’s own point of view. This paper details the various problems that an ethnocentric view presents when dealing with different cultures. The effects of cultural diversity on organizational behavior are complex and powerful. This paper will also explain that a diverse workforce, which represents a changing worldRead MoreDiversity Issues Paper1016 Words   |  5 PagesDiversity Issues Diversity Issues Organizations who make a commitment to diversity can see a significant impact on business in many ways. Diversity â€Å"requires a significant commitment for change to occur† (Delong, 2007, p.9). It is extremely important that leaders understand the commitment and embrace it in order for a positive impact to occur. Employers with diverse cultures and leaders can build positive and successful relationships with customers, suppliers and vendors. They can better attractRead MoreCultural Awareness Project : Ethnocentrism1723 Words   |  7 PagesHi this is Brittney Del Pizzo and today for my cultural awareness project I will be discussing ethnocentrism in the imaging department. My objectives for the presentation is to explain how you can avoid ethnocentrism in the imaging department and to also explain how ethnocentrism can lead to stereotyping and how this can further have a negative impact on the department. I want to begin by discussing some general definitions so that you have a better understand of the topics that I am going to

The Development Of A Police Officer - 1373 Words

The Development of a Police Officer The development of America’s police officers consists of many elements. These elements are what influence police behavior and action. Throughout time, the concept of policing has been redefined to fit the needs of the time. Originally, the police were a symbol of power and control and used to eliminate enemies of kings and pharaohs. As time move forward, the concept of policing changed the nature of soldiers into policemen. In today’s times, police officers are considered public servants to the people. They are charged with upholding, defending and protecting the freedoms of all citizens. To meet this objective, police departments use one of two approaches; community policing and the concept of†¦show more content†¦Nevertheless, the police force did help maintain civil order within society. It wasn’t until the 1800s in England where the concept of policing emerged and would redefine the purpose and responsibility of a police officer. During England’s medieval times, police functions was the responsibility of local individuals since most of England were primarily rural. Male members of clans or neighborhoods were charged to patrol and keep the peace in their respective area. This type of policing was called the frankpledge, which required all males above the age of 12 to participate in these patrol duties. As the Industrial revolution helped evolved the cities of England, it became apparent that the increase of poverty, joblessness and overcrowding became major issues for the government to maintain order. These issues were the main causes for the tremendous increase in crime (Gaines et al, 2014). Efforts by the government (to include more laws and harsher punishments) did little to stop the rise of crime and disorder. Mostly due to the disorganization of their police force. In addition, the violation of civil rights led to many cases of civil disobedience and riots. Government corruption w as the main cause of citizens’ grief. The police force was mainly used to suppress civil disorderly by any means necessary which led to more resistance, protest and riots. These events led to many criminal justiceShow MoreRelatedThe Development and Responsibilites of Police Officers Essay2519 Words   |  11 Pagesorigins of police work have actually begun. During the medieval times, fudal lords would hire strong men who would ensure that everyone paid their taxes. These hired brutes attempted to maintain some sort of order throughout the kingdom among the people. Unfortunately, in most cases, these men only followed their employer’s wishes and did not handle situations in honest or civilized ways (p.142). When America was first colonized the people living here followed a British form of police organizationRead MorePolice Use Excessive Force On People And Mistreat Minorities1634 Words   |  7 Pageslikely to be mistreated by the police compared to other people (Dunnaville, 2000). Recent incidents have seen the police use excessive force on people and mistreat minorities. As such, the legitimacy of the police has been put under scrutiny and questioned. Many communities in the United States have demonstrated in reaction to recent incidents of police misconduct and excessive use of force. The people have lost trust in the police because of these issues. The police force has been accused of mistreatingRead MoreOfficer Selection And Training Process872 Words   |  4 PagesOfficer Selection and Training Process CJS/210 Martin Hewlett February 1st, 2015 Each and every state has many different police agencies within the cities, these agencies have a specific selection and training process in order to be recruited and considered a full time employee. Now we know that not all are alike in every single way as there are little things here and there that may change a tad. For the most part all the major training and requirements are the similar nationwide. In order toRead MoreTertiary Education Should Be Required As A Prerequisite For Order For Join The Police Force930 Words   |  4 Pagesorder to join the police force. Introduction: Problem: Without prior tertiary education, police are entering the workforce under skilled. Claim: All police should be required to have tertiary education as it promotes police professionalism, improves standards in both policing and security and encourages personal growth and ethical decision-making. Reasoning: By making tertiary education a prerequisite when joining the police force, it is ensuring that all potential police officers are fully equippedRead MoreThe Washington Metro Police Enforcement And The Administration Of Justice903 Words   |  4 PagesThe Pittsburgh and Cincinnati Police Departments showed that implementing new programming and protocols which officers are favorable toward without forcing their culture to change had the most success. Whereas the Washington Metro Police saw a steady increase in misconduct after reform was implemented as a form of backlash. Diversification and reform (source 9 and 10) In recent years, reporters and commentators assumed that racial diversification of police officers would reduce misconduct, as wellRead MoreLaw Enforcement History: Historical Development of Police Agencies and Their Jurisdictions1017 Words   |  4 PagesThe Historical Development of Police Agencies and Their Jurisdictions: An Analysis Man is cruel and competitive. For these reasons, man often times wrongs others in society. And for this reason, it is necessary to have a law enforcement agency, whether local, state-based, or federal. In the absence of the rule of law, society would not be able to function, and man must make a pact that, in order to live and be protected within society, he must obey these laws. Police agencies often times serveRead MoreSir Robert Peel Essay847 Words   |  4 Pageseven torture. Times have changed since the beginnings of police tactics now it is incredibly uncommon to see public humiliation due to a crime. American policing has changed multiple times over the past hundred plus years. In most eyes the changes have been for the best of the policing system, trying to establish a concrete system. The policing system has developed overtime into a professional position, preventing crime, using the police officers as authority, and how this early system was adopted inRead MoreAn Eyewitnes s Of Police Brutality Essay1742 Words   |  7 Pagesgood and the bad. I am an eyewitness of police brutality that has taken place on a daily basis there. There are several individuals in Baltimore who have no respect for the police at all and the reason is they feel as if the police officers have no respect for them. A Baltimore resident by the name Freddie Gray died from a spinal injury at the hands of police during an arrest on April 2015. Trust he was the not the first who was injured or killed in police custody in Baltimore. â€Å"$5.7 million is theRead MorePhysical Fitness And Wellness Policy For The Austin Peay State University Police Department Essay1351 Words   |  6 Pagespolicy for the Austin Peay State University Police Department. It is my intention to examine the purpose and structure of a physical fitness and wellness policy and compare some precedent-setting court cases. By doing this, I hope to show that the Austin Peay State University Police Department needs to create a physical fitness and wellness policy. This physical fitness policy is needed because the functions performed by the police and security officers employed by the department require a level ofRead MorePolice Brutality And Corruption, War, And Peace1640 Words   |  7 Pages This research question will clearly address the variations of police practices over the past 5 years in Baltimore City and Baltimore County, due to the recent incidents regarding police brutality and corruption. Using Chapter 12 Politics, Power, War, and Peace, will help show the relationships between politics in law enforcement and police officers, which deals with a lot of power and peace. Chapter 12 Politics, Power, War, and Peace, Section Cultural Controls in Maintaining Order states â€Å"Every

High Street Retailers And Online Sellers - 1389 Words

Introduction Books, a source of entertainment, education and interest, have been around for hundreds if not thousands of years. Books are widely used at schools, in the workplace and at home, but the recent information age has the taken the world by storm, with the introduction of tablets, e-books and kindles which all provide a convenient use of ‘books’. People’s change in lifestyle and tastes comes with a craze over technology, which begs the question that; are hard copy books that are sold in high street retailers at risk of being extinguished by online resources of books? Or will the long-standing book hold too much sentimental and historical value? This report aims to identify and discuss upon whether High Street retailers and online†¦show more content†¦This has an effect on the increase growth of online sales of books; for example, as the price of books is expensive in the high street, such as WHSmith; customers will switch to online purchase, such as, Amazon. Moreover, the changing in technology also encouraging consumers to switch from traditional printed books sold in high street book stores to e-books sold online. For example, this has been supported by the BBC website which suggests that ‘the total number of printed books sold dropped even further- falling 9.8% to 186.9 million.’ This implies that the continued growth of the digital e-books market sold online has serious impact/responsible for the large decrease in high street book sales. (BBC, 2014) Consumers take price consideration, such as, price elasticity of demand on books. Books are often viewed as price elastic. As the price of the books decreases or it has better offer in online sales, consumer will switch to purchase it online rather than high street. This causes a rise in quantity demanded for online purchase of books and decrease purchase of books from the high street book stores. For example, customers can compare price of the books between the online book stores provided by different sellers, which it creates even high competition for high street book store to compete with online book stores. As high street book stores cannot

Teacher Learning Through The Lens Of Activity Theory Education Essay Free Essays

During recent old ages, teacher larning has gained much attending of principals and school leaders. In many instances schools leaders ‘ effort has been to supply an environment in which the instructors feel supported and accordingly learn efficaciously in their categories. Fuller and Unwin ( 2006 ) have categorized schools ‘ acquisition environments, as either restrictive or expansive in respect to their nature of societal interactions. We will write a custom essay sample on Teacher Learning Through The Lens Of Activity Theory Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Concentrating on the impressions introduced by Fuller and Unwin ( 2006 ) , in this paper I analyze these two acquisition environments in an Persian bilingual school, in which Persian and English are the media of direction, through the lens of activity theory. Kutti ( 1996 ) defines activity theory as â€Å" a philosophical and cross-disciplinary model for analyzing different signifiers of human patterns as development procedures, both single and societal degrees interlinked at the same clip † ( p. 23 ) . Sing this definition, utilizing activity theory in analysing the Persian school environment, I show how this model and its rule of contradictions can be relied on to steer research in larning environment and educational engineering. Furthermore, this survey provides an penetration into alterations in the instructors ‘ acquisition at workplace when a new technological tool becomes portion of schools ‘ activities and communicating. Keywords: expansive acquisition environment, restrictive acquisition environment, formal acquisition, informal acquisition, activity theory, teacher larning, e-learning 1. Introduction 1.1 Introduce the Problem Schools are non merely places where pupils learn but besides are they topographic points for instructors ‘ acquisition. Nowadays, school leaders around the universe are seeking to determine a civilization in which acquisition for both pupils and instructors happens in the most effectual manner. Since school principals have realized that instructors ‘ cognition and emotional provinces may impact pupils larning, which is the ultimate end of schools, they try to supply an environment in which instructors upgrade their accomplishments and decide their emotional battles related to their workplace. However, it is of import to detect what â€Å" counts † as workplace larning for instructors. Marsick and Watkins ( 1990 ) defined this as chances for acquisition, both those that are more formalistic and knowing and those characterized as minor expense. The focal point of this survey is on instructors ‘ acquisition and larning environment characterized as restrictive or expansive. Furthermore, analysing a instance through the lens of activity theory by concentrating on contradictions inside the activity systems provides an reliable illustration of both restrictive and expansive acquisition environments. The chief intent of this survey, nevertheless, is to demo how the activity theory can be utile in analysing instructors ‘ acquisition in different acquisition environments. This survey is organized in four subdivisions. The following subdivision provides an overview on the constructs related to instructors ‘ workplace acquisition and the activity theory model, by reexamining some cardinal literatures. The method subdivision describes the types and design of this survey. The consequence subdivision looks at two different larning environments in an Persian school and an e-learning plan through the lens of the activity theory and the last subdivision, which is treatment and decision portion, wraps up the treatment with deductions and sugge stions. 1.2 Describe Relevant Scholarship In this subdivision some surveies are reviewed in order to lucubrate some of the cardinal constructs in the survey such as, â€Å" restrictive † and â€Å" expansive † larning environment, â€Å" formal † and â€Å" informal † acquisition, and the activity theory. 1.2.1 Restrictive and Expansive Learning Environments While this survey is grounded in the context of an Persian school in which two different larning environments were experienced, I believe there is a demand to acknowledge the features of each environment. The thought of restrictive and expansive acquisition environment comes from the surveies of Fuller and Unwin ( 2006 ) on learner acquisition in four different companies. During their surveies Fuller and Unwin developed a conceptual model within which to do sense of chances and barriers in learner acquisition. Pulling on the thoughts of Lave and Wanger ‘s community of pattern theoretical account and Engestrom they classified larning environments as either expansive or restrictive. The following tabular array shows an altered model for instructor acquisition environment. Table 1. Expansive and restrictive acquisition environments for instructors. Beginning: Evans, Hodkinson, Rainbird, A ; Unwin, ( 2006, p. 53, Figure 3.1 ) Expansive acquisition environment Restrivtive acquisition environment Near collaborative working with co-workers Out-of-school educational chances, including chances to reflect and believe otherwise Explicit focal point on instructor acquisition as a dimension of normal on the job pattern Supported chances for personal development traveling beyond school or authorities precedences Colleagues are reciprocally supportive in heightening instructor acquisition Opprtunities to prosecute with working groups inside and outside of school Opportunities to widen professional individuality through boundry-crossing into other sections, school activities, and schools Support for fluctuations in ways of working and acquisition, for different instructors and sections Teachers use a broad scope of larning attacks Isolated, single working No out-of-school clip to stand back. Merely narrow, short preparation programmes No expressed focal point on instructor larning except to run into crises or imposed enterprises Teacher acquisition dominated by authorities and school dockets Colleagues obstruct or do non back up each others ‘s acquisition Work restricted to home departmental squads within school The lone chance to boundry cross associated with major alteration of occupation Standarised attacks to learning and teacher larning are prescribed and imposed Teachers use a narrow scope of larning attacks 1.2.2 Formal and Informal Learning Since one of the differentiation points between two different larning environments, viz. , expansive and restrictive, is on supplying support for fluctuations on acquisition, it is of import to acquire to cognize different types of acquisition. Marsick and Watkins ( 2001 ) qualify formal acquisition in contrast with informal acquisition as â€Å" institutionally sponsored, classroom-based, and extremely structured † ( p. 25 ) . For them informal acquisition is â€Å" incidental † and non classroom-based and extremely structured, and the control of acquisition is â€Å" chiefly in the custodies of the scholar † ( p. 25 ) . To clear up the impression they defined incidental as â€Å" a by-product of some other activity, such as undertaking achievement, interpersonal interaction, feeling the organisational civilization, trial-and-error experimentation, or even formal acquisition † ( p. 25 ) . As said by Eraut ( 2004 ) informal larning suggests more flexiblene ss or freedom for scholars. He believed that informal larning takes topographic point in a broader scope of scenes than formal instruction. This informal acquisition can take the signifiers of â€Å" conversations in the corridors or when sharing lifts with co-workers to the workplace ; detecting instructors ordaining their functions around a school ; and co-participating in normative patterns † ( Fox, Deaney, and Wilson, 2009, p. 219 ) . Eraut ( 2004 ) believed that nevertheless in informal acquisition, larning from other people is recognized as socially of import, but single bureau is more considerable than socialisation. He declared that informal acquisition plays a important function in professional development. Eraut declared that that in many scenes scholars experience both formal and non-formal acquisition. Although some bookmans acknowledge the significance of informal acquisition in professional development ( e.g. Eraut, 2004 ; Marsick, 2009 ) , Fuller and Unwin ( 20 06 ) pointed to Solomon ‘s concern about the recent accent on informal larning to state that this accent has â€Å" a negative side in that it may be sabotaging the demand to supply employees with chances to prosecute in off-the-job proviso as well † ( p. 29 ) . Fuller and Unwin added that harmonizing to Solomon ‘s position â€Å" supplying fewer off-the-job chances gives employees less opportunity to stand back and reflect critically on their pattern † ( p. 29 ) . 1.2.3 Activity Theory as a Theorietical Model As I mentioned before the instance of the Persian school under the focal point of this survey will be analyzed through the lens of activity theory. Indeed both larning environments, experienced at the school, will be scrutinized utilizing activity theory, in order to demo how each environment works for instructors in footings of acquisition and effectivity. Activity theory has had an germinating alteration from its development by Lev Vygotsky in 1920s. The first coevals of this theory, centered on Vygotsky ‘s suggestion, introduced the thought of mediation ( Engestrom, 2001 ) . Vygotsky ‘s thought of cultural mediation of actions is expressed â€Å" as the three of topic, object, and interceding artifact † ( Engestrom, 2001. P. 134 ) . This coevals of Activity Theory, nevertheless, is located on the degree of the person ‘s actions and does non exemplify â€Å" how cognitive alteration happens within a corporate context † ( Hardman, 2005, p. 2 ) . Vygotsky ‘s co-worker Alexei Leont’ev in 1981 clarified the differentiation between single action and corporate activity ( Engestrom, 2001 ) . The 2nd coevals of activity theory arose so out of Leont’ev ‘s three-level theoretical account of activity with its footing in the differentiation between action, operation and activity ( Engestrom, 1987 ) . However, â€Å" this theoretical account failed to develop Vygotsky ‘s theoretical account into one of corporate activity † ( Hardman, 2005. p. 3 ) . Engestrom in 1987 developed Vygtsky ‘s thoughts and introduced the 3rd coevals of activity theory ( Figure 1 ) : Figure 1. Components of the activity system ( Engestrom, 1987 ) Engestrom ( 2001 ) asserted â€Å" the 3rd coevals of activity theory needs to develop conceptual tools to understand duologue, multiple positions, and webs of interacting activity systems † ( p. 135 ) . Kutti ( 1996 ) defines activity theory as â€Å" a philosophical and cross-disciplinary model for analyzing different signifiers of human patterns as development procedures, both single and societal degrees interlinked at the same clip † ( p. 23 ) . As you see in the figure 2, activity theory is consisted of seven elements: Subject: the histrions engaged in the activity Object: natural stuff or job infinite at which the activity is focused ( Engestrom, 1993 ) . Tools: instruments facilitate the object of activity Community: the topics of an activity system with a common object Division of labor: horizontal and perpendicular division of undertakings and functions, power and position among members of the community Rules: explicit and inexplicit norms that control actions and interactions within the system ( Engestrom, 1993 ) Result: transmutation of the objects ; the overall mark of the activity system ( Jonassen, 2002 ) Engestrom ( 2001 ) uttered five rules that summarise his attack to the modern-day activity theory. In the first rule, he identified the activity system as the chief unit of analysis. In the 2nd rule he emphasized multi-voicedness of activity systems ; he argued that activity systems are communities of multiple points of position, traditions and involvements. In the 3rd rule Engestrom ( 2001 ) pointed to historicity of systems by stating that â€Å" activity systems take form and acquire transformed over drawn-out periods of clip † ( p. 136 ) . In the 4th rule he tried to demo the significance of contradictions by presenting them as beginnings of alterations and development. For him contradictions can ensue in tensenesss but besides transmutation in activity systems. In specifying contradiction Kuutti ( 1996 ) stated â€Å" contradiction is a misfit within elements, between them, between different activities, or between different developmental stages of a individual activity à ¢â‚¬  ( p. 34 ) . In the last rule he talked about expansive rhythm by adverting that â€Å" activity systems move through comparatively long rhythms of qualitative transmutations † ( p. 137 ) . 2. Method Because this survey seeks to understand how activity theory can be a utile model for analysing larning environments, it adopts an explanatory instance survey design. This is a survey on an Persian bilingual school in which both restrictive and expansive acquisition environments were experienced. In order to supply a better apprehension of the context, the research worker uses her observations and perceptual experiences as one of the instructors in the school upon which the survey is built. In each acquisition environment, either restrictive or expansive, by concentrating on contradictions as dynamic forces of alteration, we can show how we can track transmutation and better understand these transmutations within an activity system. In fact, contradictions can either authorise larning to come on, or they can curtail it, depending on whether or non they are acknowledged and fixed ( Nelson, 2002 ) . 3. Consequences 3.1 Restrictive Learning Environment From its constitution in 2002 up to its work on 2006, the school had a restrictive acquisition environment in which instructors did non back up each others ‘ acquisition. There were some Teacher Training Courses ( TTC ) for the instructors, every one time in a piece, to order and order some instruction schemes and criterions ; later the instructors had to learn precisely harmonizing to what they had been told. Teachers had to work separately and there was no civilization of collaborative acquisition. However some informal acquisition happened inside the schoolroom for the instructors, they did non hold the opportunity of speaking to the other instructors in order to hold more informal acquisition. Despite some efforts of the supervisors on the manner of supplying chances for instructor acquisition such as category observation and supplying feedback to the instructors, teacher preparation classs, and supplying some text books for the instructors, teacher larning was non admitted explicitly as a critical issue of the school. In such an environment emerging contradictions seemed inevitable. Figure 2 shows the activity system representation of such a restrictive acquisition environment by presenting elements of the system. Figure 2. An activity system representation of restrictive school environment 3.1.1 Contradictions in Restrictive School Environment School leaders ‘ belief was grounded on the thought that individualist acquisition is more effectual for instructors, so the instructors were encouraged to analyze separately. This thought nevertheless, was non in line with the human nature which has disposition toward communicating with others. The instructors were restricted to pass on with each other and this was in contradiction with their established patterns in the society. In the communities out of this school all of the instructors had chances to speak with other people and to larn from them ; so outgrowth of a contradiction between the topics particularly the instructors with the object was obvious ( subject/object contradiction ) . On the other manus the regulations of the school were in a manner that made the instructors stay off from each other. Harmonizing to the regulations, the instructors had to pass their java interruption clip in their categories and there was no chance provided for them to pass on with each o ther ( subject/rule contradiction ) . The school supervisors were supposed to supply such a acquisition environment in which the instructors ‘ acquisition happened in the most effectual manner ; in this manner, nevertheless, they were non supportive plenty. For illustration, one of the undertakings of the supervisors in each school is detecting the instructors ‘ categories and supplying feedbacks to them. In this school nevertheless, the supervisors observed each category merely one time in a twelvemonth, and this did non hold any added value for the instructors ‘ acquisition. In this manner the instructors had to oversee their ain actions and to go supervisors of themselves ( division of labour contradiction ) . Harmonizing to the 5th rule of the activity theory â€Å" as the contradictions of an activity system are aggravated, some single participants begin to inquiry and pervert from its established norms. In some instances, this escalates into collaborative picturing and a calculated corporate alteration attempt † ( Engestrom, 2001, p.137 ) . The contradictions inside this activity system were assumed as barriers in making the school effectiveness so as a consequence of facing these contradictions, the school initiated alterations in the system in order to decide the contradictions for the interest of better results. In this respect, a sort of expansive transmutation happened in the system. As Engestrom ( 2001 ) said â€Å" an expansive transmutation is accomplished when the object and motivation of the activity are reconceptualized to encompass a radically wider skyline of possibilities than in the old manner of the activity † ( p. 137 ) . In this sense, the object of the s ystem changed to expansive acquisition undertakings and consequently the tools changed in order to advance the object to run into the result of the system. 3.2 Expansive Learning Environment Harmonizing to Engestrom ( 2001 ) activity systems take signifier and acquire changed over long periods of clip. He adds that jobs and potencies of an activity system can merely be understood against it ain history. In this instance, the school environment as an activity system changed from being restrictive to being expansive in order to be more effectual in making the end of the system. This means that the instructors were encouraged to hold a close collaborative working relationship with the other instructors. Anchoring on this thought a new e-learning plan was introduced to the instructors as a manner of communicating with the other instructors of their ain school and the instructors of another school in Malaysia. The chief end of this plan was assisting instructors to pass on their jobs with each other and with their supervisors and to upgrade their cognition. In contrast with the old manner of the system, instructors ‘ acquisition was accepted explicitly as a cardinal con struct in the school and it was considered as a chief factor in the school effectivity. The e-learning plan was an on-line plan in which the instructors could entree online classs held by teachers from Malaysia. In add-on to this formal larning some informal acquisition chances were besides provided: the instructors could be involved in voice and picture confabs online with each other and with the other instructors from the Malayan school. They could besides inquire inquiries and discourse around a subject in a treatment forum. Figure 3 shows the activity system representation of such an expansive acquisition environment. Barb, Evans, and Baek ( 2004 ) believe that as one moves toward seeking to plan community, particularly one in which the members are expected to prosecute in new patterns that challenge their current civilization, many contradictions emerge. In this activity system presenting a new engineering and new patterns caused some contradictions in the activity system. Figure 3. An activity system representation of expansive school environment 3.2.1 Contradictions in Expansive School Environment Harmonizing to Engestrom ( 2001 ) one of the rules of activity theory is the â€Å" multi-voicedness of activity systems † ( p. 136 ) . This means that an activity system is a community of different points of position, histories, and involvements. This multi-voicedness as said by Engestrom may do some problems and contradictions. In our instance, after presenting e-program as a manner of communicating and coaction some of the instructors resisted engagement in the plan and some other were actively involved in the plan. This was largely because of their involvements and backgrounds. Some of the instructors were old instructors who had got used to individualist acquisition and treated such plans as a manner of â€Å" wasting clip † . Some others nevertheless, had found it a good manner of join forcesing with the others and work outing their ain jobs and the jobs of the other instructors. While in an expansive environment instructors are supposed to be reciprocally support ive in heightening their acquisition ( Evans et al, 2006 ) , in this instance the older instructors were non supportive plenty because of their background and involvements and this caused a contradiction between the divisions of labor of the system. On the other manus, as all of the instructors were non active scholars and some of them were inactive scholars a contradiction emerged between the topics ( topics contradiction ) . Furthermore, as mentioned before, in the instance that some of the older instructors preferred individualist acquisition and resisted affecting in expansive patterns we see a contradiction between topics and object which was â€Å" expansive acquisition undertakings and patterns † ( subject/object contradiction ) . One of the grounds for the instructors who resist engagement in the new undertakings was their deficiency of cognition in utilizing technological device such as computing machines or cyberspace ( subject/tool contradiction ) . In such a system a contradiction besides emerged between tool and division of labor. The debut of the e-learning plan and computer/internet as a tool required a new division of labor due in portion to the freshness of the tool but besides due to the fact that the supervisors were non able to help all instructors with the computer/internet undertakings. Consequently some instructors who had a better technological cognition became supervisors of the other instructors with the deficiency of cognition in utilizing new devices. One of the patterns in which the instructors were involved was go toing online classs held by Malayan teachers. Since the Persian school was a bilingual school, the teachers had some suggestions for pupils ‘ linguistic communication acquisition betterment. For illustration, they suggested that doing larning groups from the pupils and inquiring them to be involved in some reliable role-playing could better their linguistic communication proficiency. But they emphasized the thought that in each group both genders should be involved. This suggestion nevertheless seemed to be effectual, but was non applicable for an Persian school, because Persian schools are non co-education systems and male and female pupils, because of the Islamic regulations, can non be in a same system. There were besides some other suggestions which were incompatible with the school regulations ( tool/rule contradiction ) . This mutual exclusiveness of the instructions with school regulations made the instruc tors uninterested in the instructions because they thought that those instructions were non utile in their instruction systems ( subject/tool contradiction ) . There were some besides some other issues in the system which caused emerging some contradictions between the elements. One of these issues was low cyberspace velocity in Iran which de-motivated the instructors from utilizing e-program as a manner of communicating ( subject/tool contradiction ) . Harmonizing to Nelson ( 2002 ) contradictions can either ease acquisition to come on, or they can impede it, depending on whether or non they are acknowledged and resolved. Introducing a new plan to the instructors, as we saw, caused some contradictions. When the school system had a restrictive environment, the school leaders tried to decide the emergent contradictions due to the deficiency of communicating. When they decided to present the e-learning plan they believed that this plan could hold been a good manner for the instructors to pass on with the other instructors inside the school and outside of it. By presenting a new engineering, nevertheless, some other contradictions emerged that the school leaders had non anticipated. So alternatively of deciding the new contradictions they decided to eliminate the beginning of them which was the e-learning plan. Despite the huge sum of budget and clip devoted to presenting the new plan, the school leaders stopped the plan because they b elieved that the plan did non hold much added value to the instructors ‘ acquisition. 4. Decision This article began with the purpose of look intoing contradictions in different acquisition environments through the lens of activity theory. In order to show contradictions happening in different acquisition environments the article introduced a instance survey in an Persian school. However, as said by Hardman ( 2005 ) although â€Å" a instance survey does non allow one to do general statements about how something might be used in different state of affairss † , it does supply a deep description of the procedures underlying the object of the survey. Analyzing restrictive acquisition environment at the school under probe showed that most of the instructors were inclined to pass on with the other instructors for the interest of more acquisition. As one of the elements of expansive larning environment as said by Evans et Al ( 2006, is â€Å" chances to prosecute with working groups inside or outside of school † ( p. 53 ) , the e-learning plan could hold provided such an chance for the instructors. When the object and consequently the tools of the system changed and a new engineering was introduced to the instructors, some contradictions emerged. The lens of activity theory, as we saw, could supply insight into alterations in the instructors ‘ acquisition at workplace when a new technological tool became portion of their activities and communicating. In this instance some of the older instructors had some jobs with the new engineering or even with the new object ( expansive acquisition patterns such as communicating with the other instructors ) . If the school leaders and instructors tried to happen the contradictions and to decide them, the activity system could hold gone one measure in front to its end. For illustration, if merely a few Sessionss were devoted to learn computing machine and cyberspace accomplishments to the instructors, some of the contradictions could hold been resolved ; but when confronting with jobs caused by contradictions the school leaders eliminated the beginning of contradictions ( e-learning plan ) alternatively of look intoing the beginning of the jobs ( contradictions ) and deciding them. A s a affair of fact, presenting a new plan or engineering to any puting shifts participants ‘ established patterns to the new patterns, which causes some contradictions. It is of import that school leaders can place contradictions in their scenes and see how these influence school civilization and how to equilibrate them. Recognitions I would wish to thank Dr. Alison Taylor, the teacher of my â€Å" Workplace and Learning † class at University of Alberta, who guided me through this survey. How to cite Teacher Learning Through The Lens Of Activity Theory Education Essay, Essay examples

Othello Essay Research Paper In Othello many free essay sample

Othello Essay, Research Paper In Othello, many events are more important than others because of mental or psychological grounds. Shakespeare uses images to give contrasted ideas to different parts of the drama. Shakespeare besides gives the exhilaration to internal events by giving the character or characters feelings, such as being angry, sad, happy, and scared. Another thing is how a character changes his feelings in a brief minute. In the drama Othello, illustrations of these are, how Othello changes his trust from individual to individual, from Cassio to Iago ; Another is how he causes his married woman to be frightened of him. Besides there is the mental alterations of Iago and how he is out for retaliation. Othello # 8217 ; s character is the taking individual in the drama. The manner he feels gives prefiguration of what might be go oning following. When he trusted his lieutenant, Michael Cassio, he had many uncertainties about Iago. We will write a custom essay sample on Othello Essay Research Paper In Othello many or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Soon on, he changes his legal guardians, he stopped swearing Michael Cassio and started swearing Iago. From this, he started holding uncertainties about Cassio. Even though Othello trusts Iago, he still does non cognize that Iago is out to acquire retaliation from him. The ground he changed his head was because Iago was seting thoughts in his caput stating him that his married woman, Desdemona, is rip offing on him. This, non merely changes his head about who to swear, but it besides gives his character a great sum of energy. Something else that is mentally and psychologically interesting is how he has no trust in his married woman Desdemona. Most couples trust each other cognizing the other would neer seek to make anything to ache them. It # 8217 ; s different in the narrative though, Desdemona is highly trusting of her hubby neer aching her in any manner. But Othello is merely the antonym, he thinks that she is rip offing on him. This causes him to be ferocious. Even though Othello does non cognize the whole narrative, he still is angry and he does non set any attempt into swearing his ain Wisconsin iron when she tells him that she did non rip off on him. In add-on to this, when Iago tells Othello that he overheard Cassio naming out Desdemona’s name while in his sleeping Chamberss, Othello took it as he was naming her as a loved 1. He could hold been naming her name to seek to acquire advice about the existent adult female he loved, Bianca. But Othello is the type of individual who listens to his friends excessively much, and he did non candidly inquire his married woman and believed her. Even though everything is put out of proportion. Othello wholly distrusts Desdemona and he even strikes her. Even with this, she is still profoundly in love with him, but merely afraid of him. Another thing in the drama is the attitude of Iago towards everyone else. To Cassio, he is an honest individual with helpful advice. To Othello, he is besides honest, but in fact he is merely seeking to acquire retaliation on him. He is besides seeking to acquire retaliation so bad, he does non care who he has to travel through to acquire it. Much of his mental attitude, is to be a # 8220 ; jealous villain. # 8221 ; This is jealousy and how he is covetous of Cassio acquiring a higher rank than him with even less experience. In the narrative, he is really honest to many people, but merely toward them. Equally shortly as they turn their dorsum, he is a different individual thought of ways to acquire retaliation. In decision, William Shakespeare gives the drama # 8220 ; Othello # 8221 ; exhilaration and suspense by mentally altering a characters attitude. Besides he includes important events that bring more idea into the drama. He gives his trust of award to Michael Cassio at foremost, so he changes to Iago, merely because of a rumour that his married woman was rip offing on him. Besides there is the misgiving of the loving twosome. How he does non swear her and what she says. Even though she is stating the truth. Then there is Iago, the originator that causes all the jobs. It is largely because he is out for retaliation, and how he does non care who he uses or walks over to acquire it.